What is a film trailer
A trailer is an advertisement or commercial that is used to present a future cinema release to the public. They are great at building hype and buzz before the film is released to the consumers. Trailers are currently shown in many areas in the media environment, they are shown before movies in the cinema, on the television during adverts, on screens displayed in the street such as in Piccadilly circus, or on viral websites. All these areas were carefully chosen to present the trailer to as many audience members as possible with the hope to sell many cinema tickets and to produce a large profit.
Popular video sites such as YouTube are great at advertising these trailers, popular upcoming releases attracting around 100,000 views or more a day. Audience members comment on these trailers, which also helps to build up hype and buzz online.
Trailers consist of a carefully selected series of shots from the film that is being advertised. The shots are then arranged in a very specific order, which will help to lure in the audience and gain there interest in the film. A trailer isn't allowed to exceed 2 minutes and 30 seconds, this is the maximum length allowed by the MPAA, however each studio or distributor is allowed to exceed this limit once per year if it feels necessary.
Some trailers use "Special shoot" footage, which is footage that has been filmed specifically for the trailer and doesn't appear in the film. The trailer for the 2002 film Spiderman, an entire action sequence was filmed for the trailer. The action scene involved escaping bank robbers getting caught in a huge web between the two world trade centres, however due to the september 11 attacks, the studio pulled it out from cinemas.
Trailers help to present the story of the movie in a way that achieves maximum appeal from the consumers. In the past, even the poorest of films have been made to look like movies from the most professional and respected directors. trailers are commonly made up of scenes that are taken directly from the finished film, however sometimes they include scenes that were made only for the trailer and not featured in the film itself.
Most trailers commonly use a Three-act structure similar to that of a full feature film. These include a beginning, a middle and an end. The beginning lays out the premise of the story, the middle takes the story one step further and usually ends up with a dramatic climax, and the end features a powerful piece of signature music. the last act usually features a visual montage of powerful and emotional moments of the film and sometimes contains a cast run of stars that could help to sell the movie.
The Motion Picture Association of America states that theatrical trailers cannot exceed 2 minutes and 30 seconds in length, however once a year the studio can override this. There are no time restrictions however on the internet or home video trailers. A green band is an all green graphic that is shown at the beginning of a trailer, until April 2009 this card indicated that the trailer is intended for all audiences and often included the movies MPAA's rating. In April 2009, MPAA began to permit the green band language to say that the trailer had been approved for appropriate audience members, meaning that the material displayed would be appropriate for the audience in the theatre of the film they were going to see.
Feminim history
Women have been fighting for their rights since the late 1800s, however it wasn’t until 1918 that women were given the right to vote in the United Kingdom. They were however a group of women who still felt that there was a divide in the social and economic status between men and women and that men were treated as being the bearer of the economy and in society. The men took the leading roles in society such as becoming a politician for example. A group was formed known as the Suffragettes, containing women from mainly the middle and upper class backgrounds that were frustrated by their social and economic status. Their struggles for change had led to a movement big enough that would bring together large numbers of females who fought for suffrage. During World War 1 there was a shortage of able-bodied men, which allowed women to take on the roles that the men had performed. This led to a new view of what were capable of doing.
This change I feel has had a dramatic effect on the way we view women in not just movies, but society as a whole. Back when the world war was happening in Britain, females soul purpose in society was to look after their home and their family, typical jobs such as polishing their husbands shoes, cooking the dinner and cleaning the household created the stereotype in society of the female performing the labor work while the men fought in the war.
Feminism is a collection of movements and ideas that help to defend equal rights for women. For years in movies, females have been portrayed to be the one that’s rescued by a male hero, the idea that females can’t defend themselves and need a man to save them has been portrayed in the media since movies began.
The common movie genre where females are nearly always the victim, are within the Horror genre. In films such as Halloween, where Michael Myers escapes a psychiatric hospital, we can witness Laurie Strode and her friends become victims to his murders. The girls are helped by Dr. Loomis, a doctor who looked after Michael while he was in a psychiatric ward, however when he escaped, he went on the lookout for him. This is just one example of a film where a female character has been saved by a male character.
Halloween was released in 1978 where there were waves of horror films released depicting females as the victims. This wave of films included Nightmare on Elm street (1984), Friday the 13th : The final chapter (1984), Gremlins (1984). It wasn’t until the early 1980s that the coin had been turned and females were being introduced as the heroes instead of the men. It’s interesting to see that this was at the same time that the wave of films depicting females as victims was released. It’s possible that a movie featuring a female as a hero was released to counteract and rebel against the fact that females were portrayed as weak and vulnerable.
Binary opposition
Levi Strauss was a french anthropologist who lived in the early 1900's. He believed that the way we understand certain words depends not so much on any meaning they themselves directly contain, but much more by our understanding of the difference between the word and its 'opposite' or, as he called it 'binary opposites'. For example, our understanding of the word "villain" depends on the difference between that word and the opposing word "hero". Within the media field, binary oppositions are used very frequently in films, in particular the horror genre. Many horror films include sets of binary oppositions within their plots. Particularly good and evil, sane and insane, and human and supernatural.
Another example could be within a romantic film we can see there is a male and a female, we understand this through the opposition, for example we know someones a male, because he's not a female, the opposite to the object helps to state the obvious.
Tsvetan Todorov's
Todorov was a bulgarian philosopher who specialized in literary theory. He came up with the theory of equilibrium, which has become one of the most influential theories in the media industry today. This theory was a basic structure for all narratives. He said that all films started with a state of equilibrium, a calm period. Then, agents of disruption cause disequilibrium, where the calm state is broken and there is a period of unsettlement and and disquiet. This is finally followed by another state of equilibrium. However, this state may not be the same as the first. Events in the plot may cause the characters to find themselves in a new state of equilibrium very different from the first. An example of this would be "The Orphan". It begins with a state of equilibrium where the main family are introduced, the disequilibrium then begins when they bring a new child, Esther into their home. This child is posessed and causes all types of chaos and horrific events for the family, the only way to rid their family of this is to kill her as the family soon realise. The equilibrium is then restored at the end where Esther eventually dies and the family can continue their life as normal. A film that does not support Todorov's theory would be "Paranormal activity". It does not begin with equilibrium, as the lives of the main characters (Katie and Micah) are disrupted by Katie's belief that she is being haunted by a demon that follows her wherever she goes. The main body of the film shows their struggle to get rid of this demon, as several paranormal events happen to the couple. At the end, an equilibrium is not restored as Katie becomes posessed by the demon and kills her partner Micah.
Propp theory
Vladimir Propp was a soviet formalist scholar who analysed the basic plot componentsof Russian folk storys to identify the narrative elements. Vladimir broke up fairy tales into thirty-one sections. usually there is a n initial situation and then the tale usually takes up thrity-one functions. these functions include:
Analyis several movies and apply the propp theory to it. (snow white and the huntsman)
Feminim history
Women have been fighting for their rights since the late 1800s, however it wasn’t until 1918 that women were given the right to vote in the United Kingdom. They were however a group of women who still felt that there was a divide in the social and economic status between men and women and that men were treated as being the bearer of the economy and in society. The men took the leading roles in society such as becoming a politician for example. A group was formed known as the Suffragettes, containing women from mainly the middle and upper class backgrounds that were frustrated by their social and economic status. Their struggles for change had led to a movement big enough that would bring together large numbers of females who fought for suffrage. During World War 1 there was a shortage of able-bodied men, which allowed women to take on the roles that the men had performed. This led to a new view of what were capable of doing.
This change I feel has had a dramatic effect on the way we view women in not just movies, but society as a whole. Back when the world war was happening in Britain, females soul purpose in society was to look after their home and their family, typical jobs such as polishing their husbands shoes, cooking the dinner and cleaning the household created the stereotype in society of the female performing the labor work while the men fought in the war.
Feminism is a collection of movements and ideas that help to defend equal rights for women. For years in movies, females have been portrayed to be the one that’s rescued by a male hero, the idea that females can’t defend themselves and need a man to save them has been portrayed in the media since movies began.
The common movie genre where females are nearly always the victim, are within the Horror genre. In films such as Halloween, where Michael Myers escapes a psychiatric hospital, we can witness Laurie Strode and her friends become victims to his murders. The girls are helped by Dr. Loomis, a doctor who looked after Michael while he was in a psychiatric ward, however when he escaped, he went on the lookout for him. This is just one example of a film where a female character has been saved by a male character.
In 1979, the box hit, Alien was released. This is the first film where a female plays a heroine, a big move in the film industry. Sigourney Weaver plays Ellen Ripley who ends up acting the hero by saving the crew from an invasion from an alien race on their space ship. The film was a start of a huge change in the film industry where females were becoming more and more the hero of the movie.
Films such as Tomb Raider (2001), Resident evil franchise (2002), Underworld franchise (2003), Charlie’s angels (2003), and Avatar (2009) are all examples of films that contain a female’s character playing the hero. This challenged gender role expectations in movies as the audience were used to seeing a male play the leading role, but now females are being brought in to play the leading role. The female characters also possessed male characteristics and personalities that also challenged gender expectations. As the audience were used to seeing weak minded and harmless female characters, when strong, feared heroines had taken over as the hero this had completely changed the way we see female characters in a movie.
In the film industry successful actresses such as Kate Beckinsdale, Angelina Jolie, Sigourney Weaver and Milla Jovavich have all portrayed characters that have performed the role of being the hero and saving the men from harm. This has been portrayed by heroic actions performed whilst wielding harmful weapons of war. We can argue that this has slightly changed the ideology of how women should act in a movie, instead of playing the innocent princess that needs rescuing, the director and producers have transformed them into heroines of war, capable of doing anything.
Binary opposition
Levi Strauss was a french anthropologist who lived in the early 1900's. He believed that the way we understand certain words depends not so much on any meaning they themselves directly contain, but much more by our understanding of the difference between the word and its 'opposite' or, as he called it 'binary opposites'. For example, our understanding of the word "villain" depends on the difference between that word and the opposing word "hero". Within the media field, binary oppositions are used very frequently in films, in particular the horror genre. Many horror films include sets of binary oppositions within their plots. Particularly good and evil, sane and insane, and human and supernatural.
Another example could be within a romantic film we can see there is a male and a female, we understand this through the opposition, for example we know someones a male, because he's not a female, the opposite to the object helps to state the obvious.
Tsvetan Todorov's
Todorov was a bulgarian philosopher who specialized in literary theory. He came up with the theory of equilibrium, which has become one of the most influential theories in the media industry today. This theory was a basic structure for all narratives. He said that all films started with a state of equilibrium, a calm period. Then, agents of disruption cause disequilibrium, where the calm state is broken and there is a period of unsettlement and and disquiet. This is finally followed by another state of equilibrium. However, this state may not be the same as the first. Events in the plot may cause the characters to find themselves in a new state of equilibrium very different from the first. An example of this would be "The Orphan". It begins with a state of equilibrium where the main family are introduced, the disequilibrium then begins when they bring a new child, Esther into their home. This child is posessed and causes all types of chaos and horrific events for the family, the only way to rid their family of this is to kill her as the family soon realise. The equilibrium is then restored at the end where Esther eventually dies and the family can continue their life as normal. A film that does not support Todorov's theory would be "Paranormal activity". It does not begin with equilibrium, as the lives of the main characters (Katie and Micah) are disrupted by Katie's belief that she is being haunted by a demon that follows her wherever she goes. The main body of the film shows their struggle to get rid of this demon, as several paranormal events happen to the couple. At the end, an equilibrium is not restored as Katie becomes posessed by the demon and kills her partner Micah.
Propp theory
Vladimir Propp was a soviet formalist scholar who analysed the basic plot componentsof Russian folk storys to identify the narrative elements. Vladimir broke up fairy tales into thirty-one sections. usually there is a n initial situation and then the tale usually takes up thrity-one functions. these functions include:
- ABSENTATION: A member of a family leaves the security of the home environment. This may be the hero or some other member of the family that the hero will later need to rescue. This division of the cohesive family injects initial tension into the storyline. The hero may also be introduced here, often being shown as an ordinary person.
- INTERDICTION: An interdiction is addressed to the hero ('don't go there', 'don't do this'). The hero is warned against some action (given an 'interdiction').
- VIOLATION of INTERDICTION. The interdiction is violated (villain enters the tale). This generally proves to be a bad move and the villain enters the story, although not necessarily confronting the hero. Perhaps they are just a lurking presence or perhaps they attack the family whilst the hero is away.
- RECONNAISSANCE: The villain makes an attempt at reconnaissance (either villain tries to find the children/jewels etc, or intended victim questions the villain). The villain (often in disguise) makes an active attempt at seeking information, for example searching for something valuable or trying to capture someone. They may speak with a member of the family who innocently divulges information. They may also seek to meet the hero, perhaps knowing already the hero is special in some way.
- DELIVERY: The villain gains information about the victim. The villain's seeking now pays off and he or she now acquires some form of information, often about the hero or victim. Other information can be gained, for example about a map or treasure location.
- TRICKERY: The villain attempts to deceive the victim to take possession of victim or victim's belongings (trickery, villain disguised, tries to win confidence of victim). The villain now presses further, often using the information gained in seeking to deceive the hero or victim in some way, perhaps appearing in disguise. This may include capture of the victim, getting the hero to give the villain something or persuading them that the villain is actually a friend and thereby gaining collaboration.
- COMPLICITY: Victim taken in by deception, unwittingly helping the enemy. The trickery of the villain now works and the hero or victim naively acts in a way that helps the villain. This may range from providing the villain with something (perhaps a map or magical weapon) to actively working against good people (perhaps the villain has persuaded the hero that these other people are actually bad).
- VILLAINY or LACK: Villain causes harm/injury to family member (by abduction, theft of magical agent, spoiling crops, plunders in other forms, causes a disappearance, expels someone, casts spell on someone, substitutes child etc, commits murder, imprisons/detains someone, threatens forced marriage, provides nightly torments), Alternatively, a member of family lacks something or desires something (magical potion etc.). There are two options for this function, either or both of which may appear in the story. In the first option, the villain causes some kind of harm, for example carrying away a victim or the desired magical object (which must be then be retrieved). In the second option, a sense of lack is identified, for example in the hero's family or within a community, whereby something is identified as lost or something becomes desirable for some reason, for example a magical object that will save people in some way.
- MEDIATION: Misfortune or lack is made known, (hero is dispatched, hears call for help etc. Alternative is that victimized hero is sent away, freed from imprisonment). The hero now discovers the act of villainy or lack, perhaps finding their family or community devastated or caught up in a state of anguish and woe.
- BEGINNING COUNTER-ACTION: Seeker agrees to, or decides upon counter-action. The hero now decides to act in a way that will resolve the lack, for example finding a needed magical item, rescuing those who are captured or otherwise defeating the villain. This is a defining moment for the hero as this is the decision that sets the course of future actions and by which a previously ordinary person takes on the mantle of heroism.
- DEPARTURE: Hero leaves home;
- FIRST FUNCTION OF THE DONOR: Hero is tested, interrogated, attacked etc., preparing the way for his/her receiving magical agent or helper (donor);
- HERO'S REACTION: Hero reacts to actions of future donor (withstands/fails the test, frees captive, reconciles disputants, performs service, uses adversary's powers against him);
- RECEIPT OF A MAGICAL AGENT: Hero acquires use of a magical agent (directly transferred, located, purchased, prepared, spontaneously appears, eaten/drunk, help offered by other characters);
- GUIDANCE: Hero is transferred, delivered or led to whereabouts of an object of the search;
- STRUGGLE: Hero and villain join in direct combat;
- BRANDING: Hero is branded (wounded/marked, receives ring or scarf);
- VICTORY: Villain is defeated (killed in combat, defeated in contest, killed while asleep, banished);
- LIQUIDATION: Initial misfortune or lack is resolved (object of search distributed, spell broken, slain person revived, captive freed);
- RETURN: Hero returns;
- PURSUIT: Hero is pursued (pursuer tries to kill, eat, undermine the hero);
- RESCUE: Hero is rescued from pursuit (obstacles delay pursuer, hero hides or is hidden, hero transforms unrecognisably, hero saved from attempt on his/her life);
- UNRECOGNIZED ARRIVAL: Hero unrecognized, arrives home or in another country;
- UNFOUNDED CLAIMS: False hero presents unfounded claims;
- DIFFICULT TASK: Difficult task proposed to the hero (trial by ordeal, riddles, test of strength/endurance, other tasks);
- SOLUTION: Task is resolved;
- RECOGNITION: Hero is recognized (by mark, brand, or thing given to him/her);
- EXPOSURE: False hero or villain is exposed;
- TRANSFIGURATION: Hero is given a new appearance (is made whole, handsome, new garments etc.);
- PUNISHMENT: Villain is punished;
- WEDDING: Hero marries and ascends the throne (is rewarded/promoted).
- The villain — Struggles against the hero.
- The dispatcher — Character who makes the lack known and sends the hero off.
- The (magical) helper — Helps the hero in the quest.
- The princess or prize — The hero deserves her throughout the story but is unable to marry her because of an unfair evil, usually because of the villain. the hero's journey is often ended when he marries the princess, thereby beating the villain.
- Her father — Gives the task to the hero, identifies the false hero, marries the hero, often sought for during the narrative. Propp noted that functionally, the princess and the father can not be clearly distinguished.
- The donor — Prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object.
- The hero or victim/seeker hero — Reacts to the donor, weds the princess.
- False hero — Takes credit for the hero’s actions or tries to marry the princess
Analyis several movies and apply the propp theory to it. (snow white and the huntsman)
Genre
Each film, much like a book contains codes and conventions that define its generic elements, making each genre distinctive and unique. Much like books, films need to have genres so that the audience knows what to expect. Genres are all about the audiences expectations, therefore everything from the editing, to the camera shots, to sound even the trailer has to conform to its chosen genre. For example, a film that contains elements of love will produce a romantic emotion from the audience or if you had a film that contains elements of murder and death, it will capture the emotion of fear within the audience. These distinct differences have formed eleven distinct genres, between these, hybrid genres have been formed, but I will focus on the most popular and widely recognised genres for the purpose of this brief.
Below I have placed the trailers for each movie underneath the poster, this is to show the trailer in action so I can easily identify the different elements in each genre of trailer. I can see that they contain codes and conventions that we typically expect to see in the different genres.
Action: Action films include a lot of energy, fights, battles, escapes, big budget physical stunts, destructive crisis (floods, natural disasters, explosions, fires etc), non stop motion, rhythm and pace, the hero battling the bad guy (or more recently heroines battling the bad guy). Key iconography in this genre would include car races, explosions, guns, stunts and very fast paced editing.
Adventure: Adventure films are usually exciting stories that bring to the screen new experiences or exotic locations all over the world. This genre usually shistorical artefacts, searches or expeditions, treasure hunts, or disasters. Most predomnantly, unreal, imaginary or fictional locations and creatures are key to this genre.
Comedy's: Comedy's are created to amuse and provoke laughter within the audience. This is achieved by exaggerating the scenario, the language used, action, the characters, and one liners. comedy has been shown through various forms in the past including slapstick, spoofs, parodies, and romantic comedies. Larger than life character types, bright and energetic colours and locations feature in this genre.
Crime/ Gangster: Crime/ Gangster movies are usually based around the life of the sinister acts of a gang, criminals, or mobsters, in particular bank robbers, underworld leaders etc. Films within this genre usually contain torture, murders, illegal activity, stealing, drugs, alcohol, cites etc.
Historical: A historical event is taken, possibly a true event or completely imaginary, mythical or even legendary and are merged with an extravagant setting and eccentric costumes. They tend to capture significant historic events that have occurred, mainly war.
Horror: Films within this genre are specifically designed to frighten the audience watching and enlighten the fear contained within. horror films feature a wide range of different styles including the classic zombie chase to today's monsters and deranged humans. They are quite commonly combined with science fiction when it comes to technology involvement or alien activity. Some horror use a scenario that the audience can relate to or imagine them in some kind of similar situation and turn it into a nightmare.
Musicals / Dance: Musical/Dance films emphasise full scale scores or song and dance routines, which are shown in a significant way. A film narrative is accompanied with music to emphasise emotion and feelings within the characters.
Science fiction: These type of films are visionary, imaginative and captivating. involved usually are heroes, aliens, distant planets and galaxies,settings of the imagination, futuristic technology, extreme forces and monsters etc. Fantasy films have a similar aspect to science fiction films and sometimes the two genres may overlap. These type of films are usually expressed to show the potential end of humanity from an extraterrestrial race.
Below I have placed the trailers for each movie underneath the poster, this is to show the trailer in action so I can easily identify the different elements in each genre of trailer. I can see that they contain codes and conventions that we typically expect to see in the different genres.
Action: Action films include a lot of energy, fights, battles, escapes, big budget physical stunts, destructive crisis (floods, natural disasters, explosions, fires etc), non stop motion, rhythm and pace, the hero battling the bad guy (or more recently heroines battling the bad guy). Key iconography in this genre would include car races, explosions, guns, stunts and very fast paced editing.
Iron Man 2
Battleship
The Avengers
Resident Evil
The Transporter 3
The Expendables 2
The Transformers
Adventure: Adventure films are usually exciting stories that bring to the screen new experiences or exotic locations all over the world. This genre usually shistorical artefacts, searches or expeditions, treasure hunts, or disasters. Most predomnantly, unreal, imaginary or fictional locations and creatures are key to this genre.
Hellboy 2
Pathfinder
Spiderwick chronicles
10,000 BC
007 Tomorrow never dies
Comedy's: Comedy's are created to amuse and provoke laughter within the audience. This is achieved by exaggerating the scenario, the language used, action, the characters, and one liners. comedy has been shown through various forms in the past including slapstick, spoofs, parodies, and romantic comedies. Larger than life character types, bright and energetic colours and locations feature in this genre.
Ted
Superbad
The Dictator
American Pie
Crime/ Gangster: Crime/ Gangster movies are usually based around the life of the sinister acts of a gang, criminals, or mobsters, in particular bank robbers, underworld leaders etc. Films within this genre usually contain torture, murders, illegal activity, stealing, drugs, alcohol, cites etc.
Public Enemies
The Godfather
Scarface
The Transporter 2
Historical: A historical event is taken, possibly a true event or completely imaginary, mythical or even legendary and are merged with an extravagant setting and eccentric costumes. They tend to capture significant historic events that have occurred, mainly war.
Lord of war
Saving private ryan
D War
Immortals
Horror: Films within this genre are specifically designed to frighten the audience watching and enlighten the fear contained within. horror films feature a wide range of different styles including the classic zombie chase to today's monsters and deranged humans. They are quite commonly combined with science fiction when it comes to technology involvement or alien activity. Some horror use a scenario that the audience can relate to or imagine them in some kind of similar situation and turn it into a nightmare.
Saw 3D
Final Destination 5
Piranha 3DD
The Shrine
Musicals / Dance: Musical/Dance films emphasise full scale scores or song and dance routines, which are shown in a significant way. A film narrative is accompanied with music to emphasise emotion and feelings within the characters.
Step Up 2
Hairspray
Sweeney Todd
Step Up
Science fiction: These type of films are visionary, imaginative and captivating. involved usually are heroes, aliens, distant planets and galaxies,settings of the imagination, futuristic technology, extreme forces and monsters etc. Fantasy films have a similar aspect to science fiction films and sometimes the two genres may overlap. These type of films are usually expressed to show the potential end of humanity from an extraterrestrial race.
Matrix
Avatar
Knowing
Alien
Transformers
War: These films present to the audience the true horror or war and the 'behind the scenes' of what goes on in the battle zone. They present an insight to what war might actually look and feel like. these emotions are presented through a central character who is faced with many obstacles such as bombs, mines, tanks, soldiers, nuke towns etc. This genre is usually paired up with action, adventure, drama, romance, comedy to enhanced the emotion of war.
D war
Supernatural: This genre is arguably a hybrid genre combining elements of horror and science fiction. These films have historically captured the imaginations of audiences. Playing on the human fear of death and the afterlife. Films that fall into this genre have the aim to frighten and scare the audience viewing the movie, much like a horror. Most of these films involve a typical family, married couple and base the paranormal happenings around them. Therefore we are presented with an average family with an average life, which all changes into a sinister, frightening atmosphere. The fact its based on the average family enhances the fear as we feel that the supernatural can happen to anyone. These mainly include a ghost/ paranormal entity of some sort, or perhaps someone with a supernatural power, seeing the future or predicting the end of the world.
The exorcist
Paranormal Activity
The Possession
After looking at all of these genres, we have decided that we are going to look more into the supernatural/ paranormal genre. We will explore further into the genre and investigate and evaluate movies that fall into the supernatural/ paranormal genre.
Codes and Conventions for Thriller/Paranormal trailers
After we discussed the whole paranormal/horror genre idea, we thought that thriller would be a better genre to combine with the paranormal genre. This is because we felt more of our ideas on our storyboard related more to the thriller genre more than the horror genre.
Below i have analysed four different Paranormal/Thriller trailers, which will help me gain a better understanding to how these trailers have managed to capture the audience's attention and what techniques have been used to persuade them to watch the movie at the cinema.
Below i have analysed four different Paranormal/Thriller trailers, which will help me gain a better understanding to how these trailers have managed to capture the audience's attention and what techniques have been used to persuade them to watch the movie at the cinema.
I am now going to analyse the trailer for Kick Ass, I will be discussing specific screen shots from the trailer and evaluate them in terms of props, camera shots and angles, and sound.
Promotion of the upcoming movies
This covers exactly how film studios are going to promote an upcoming film and reach out to their target audience. The goal is to reach out to as many people as possible, this is why the marketing budget is usually at least half or three times more than the production budget. There are four main ways that an upcoming movie is promoted to achieve maximum popularity and reputation. These techniques create buzz and hype amongst the target audience before the movie is released, which enhances profit and sales.
Theatres
- Film posters - These are usually positioned on the walls as you are walking towards your screening for a movie, they are placed on a backlit screen to brighten them up and make them look more attractive and noticeable. the way there positioned ensures that they can't be missed by the target audience. film posters can also be found in the cinema foyer, they are usually dotted near toilets and where the seating arrangement of each screen is placed. they have been put directly in the target audiences gaze.
- Standees - these are freestanding paperboard life size images from the film being promoted. they are also placed in the cinema foyer or in the corridor on the way to where the screens are situated. the fact there life size ensures there not missed, the bright colours and great to attract the target audience. This type of promotion is used mainly to promote disney kids movies as they will find this enjoyable and fun, exciting and friendly.
- Trailers - This type of promotion hits the audience directly. They about 2 minutes 30 seconds long, which they will present the promoted movie to the audience. Trailers are featured before a film and are deigned to tell the target audience the plot without giving too much away. the trailers are placed before specific movies that fit with its genre. For example if the audience where to watch a disney movie in the cinema it is more likely that within the trailers there will be an upcoming disney movie trailer.
Television and radio
- Interviews - Interviews with directors and actors from the movie are usually performed. They are located mainly in hotel rooms, on the red carpet for a movie premiere and are then shown on the news channels, entertainment series and even cable network programs.
- Product placement - This is a form of advertisement where branded goods are included within media forms such as adverts, music videos, movies and news programmes. This can be either paid active or passive insertion (on set posters and action figures) of the film brand and identity in drama or sitcoms or as mentions in dialogue.

This is a screenshot from the movie Happy Gilmore. We can see that the product that has been placed here is the amercian company, Subway who produce subs on the go. We can see adam sandler handling one of there subs whilst wearing a tshirt that accompanys the subway logo. This allows easy identification from the audience as the logo is exposed and not covered. The fact that adam sandler is a very popular actor who is admired by millions of fans is holding a subway, may encourage fans to also be tempted to purchase from tthe company as they want to be more like him. This is also known as celebrity endorsement when a celebrity promotes sales of a particlur product, which helps to boost sales and acheive sky high profits.

In this screenshot taken from the Simpsons we can see Lisa Simpson pointing to a glass building featuring the gloabal organisation Apples logo with a look of astonishmen on her face. Being known for her intelligance on the show, the way shes looking excited by it may help to enahance the idea their geniuses. The show is watched by nearly 10million people per episode. This type of product placement is very effective as the company who are placing their product or brand within the Simpsons can guarantee it will be seen by millions of people.
In this screenshot taken from the very popular sitcom 30 Rock, we can se clearly the logo of Mcdonalds on the two Mcflurry cups situated on the right hand side of the frame. The fact there the closest object to the audience allows them to be seen first, but the fact that the male character is seen to be looking directly at the cup to take it, draws in the audience to look at what he's looking at. the cups have been turned so there both displayng the logo to the audience, this has been done delibirately to allow the logo to be easily recognsed by the audience viewing the episode. The idea of a company placing there brna din a sitcom is very clever due to the fact they can also gaurantee their brand to be seen by millions of people.
More recently we have seen the mention of specific apps in sitcoms, such as The Big Bang Thoery, where the main character Sheldon had mentioned the app Doodle Jump ,which would have bosted sales significantly as this sitcom has been watched by as many as 10million viewers per episode and it onto its 6th season.
Internet
- Online digital film screeners - These digital film screeners have the benefit of letting you send individual copies of your film to the press, sales agents, distributors etc. Along with the security of individual expiry dates, you can see reports of who viewed your film and track their viewing of the film.
- Viral Marketing - Free distribution of trailers on movie-oriented websites and video user-generated-content websites, and rapid dissemination of links to this content by email and blogs. Sometimes, the efforts go further such as in the lead time to the successful premiere of the film, The Muppets which was moved forward by several original film shorts on YouTube over a number of years while the film was in production. pages can be sent up on social networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter to help promote the film before release.
Audience Research
I have produced a survey, which consists of various questions regarding our movie trailer. We were asking ourselves a lot of questions about what our audience are looking for and who we are aiming our movie trailer towards. To collect a large sample of results we needed to think of a way to get our questionnaire out to a large group of people quickly without taking too much time. We are already in a school environment, but the fact we have to print out numerous questionnaires and then arrange a time to see students would take time because our survey was created online. Survey Monkey, which is the site we used to create the questionnaire already has an integrated fature that allows you to embed your questionnaire as a link to post on your social networking page, such as Facebook. This is a great way to reach out to a vast number of people who will be more than willing to fill out a questionnaire online that won't take more than five minutes. The charts/graphs shown below show the most significant results.
All of the people who had responded to the questionnaire were asked of their age so we could get an idea of who are target audience are. We found that the largest portion of our respondents were aged 18-20 years old. Because the vast majority where situated in this category our primary target audience will therefore consist of consumers between the ages of 18-20.
All of the people who had responded to the questionnaire were asked of their age so we could get an idea of who are target audience are. We found that the largest portion of our respondents were aged 18-20 years old. Because the vast majority where situated in this category our primary target audience will therefore consist of consumers between the ages of 18-20.
All of our respondents were also asked what genre they would prefer and were given a large selection of popular genres to choose from. We chose to now focus on the answers produced by the people who are within our target audience so we can focus our project on their needs because these are the group of people we will aiming our products towards. The results from this question show that the genre our target audience prefer the most include Superhero/villain and Thriller.
After we had carefully considered all of our genres carefully we had chosen to collaborate the two top genres of superhero/villain and thriller to form a new genre we will work amongst. This new genre will need to consist of codes and conventions that originate from both of the original genres so we can successfully produce a final product that is aimed towards our target audience.
Follow up survey
We have produced a follow up survey that we will ask our respondents from our target audience. The question reads 'Which of the following do you enjoy seeing in Supernatural Thrillers?'. This question asks the target audience what they would like to see within a supernatural thriller. The results showed that our target audience would like to see mystery, a hero and a villain within our movie. These are codes and conventions that exist within existing movie trailers so we could do some research into how we could peruse these factors.
































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